PARE Content Areas

Area 1 Medication Safety and the Practice of Pharmacy 50% (105 items)

1A Safe and Effective Preparation and Dispensing of Medications

• 1A1 extemporaneous compounding/parenteral/enteral including calculations, sterile admixture techniques, USP <797>, stability and sterility testing and dating, clean room requirements, infusion devices, and catheters
• 1A2 preparation, dispensing, distribution, and disposal of medications and devices including appropriate labeling, storage, packaging, and handling
• 1A3 distribution systems associated with all types of practice settings
• 1A4 role of automation and technology in workload efficiency and patient safety

1B Prevention of Medication Errors

• 1B1 practice management tools needed to assess and address change, improve quality, and optimize patient services
• 1B2 identification and prevention of medication errors within the dispensing and distribution system
• 1B3 medication error reduction programs
• 1B4 medication safety: causes of errors, strategies for reducing errors

1C Continuous Quality Improvement

Area 2 Professional Ethics/Pharmacist Judgment 25%
(52-53 items)

2A Professional Ethics

• 2A1 ethical principles

2B Decisions/Actions Affecting Patient Care

• 2B1 ethical Issues in delivery of patient-centered care/clinical research

2C Code of Ethics, Professional Behavior

• 2C1 dealing with ethical dilemmas
• 2C2 conflicts of interest
• 2C3 ethical Issues in teamwork

Area 3 Clinical Pharmacy Practice 25% (52-53 items)

3A Patient Assessment, Clinical Pharmacology, Therapeutics

• 3A1 pharmacotherapy: selection of drug products, dosing, routes of administration, disease state management
• 3A2 patient assessment triage and referral skills: identify and assess the patient's current health status, health problems, need for treatment and/or referral, and desired therapeutic outcomes
• 3A3 diagnostic tests in the diagnosis of various disease states, knowledge of the basis for common clinical laboratory values and diagnostic tests, and the influences of common disease states
• 3A4 patient monitoring: drug monitoring for positive and negative outcomes, methods of outcome monitoring and assessment techniques, drug monitoring for positive/negative outcomes in special-population patients, and pharmaceutical care plans
• 3A5 problem identification and resolution (eg, dosage, frequency, dosage form, interactions, adverse drug reactions, indication, contraindication, safety, efficacy, noncompliance, abuse)

3B Promotion of Wellness and Public Health

• 3B1 disease prevention and monitoring
• 3B2 infection control (pharmacist intervention, recommendations)
• 3B3 promotion of wellness (nutrition, non-pharmacologic therapies, lifestyle)

3C Drug Information

• 3C1 fundamentals and application of drug information skills for the delivery of care (identifying and using resources, accessing references, etc.)